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A Primer on Factory Economics for Startups

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A Primer on Factory Economics for Startups

Oliver Hsu (a16z)

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Added Feb 22, 2026
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Comprehensive guide to the "Factory-is-the-Product" model. Covers cost structures, yield economics, Wright's Law (learning curves), capacity, bottlenecks, and OEE. Key insight: For hardware startups, manufacturing capability IS the competitive moat.